The first step in a routine dentistry is to file away these edges or “float” the teeth. Ramps or hooks can occur on the top or bottom arcade and must be filed before they protrude into the upper or lower jaw and prevent movement. While the full mouth speculum is still in place the teeth are examined for problems such as “wave” mouth, “step” mouth, loose or migrating teeth, periodontal disease, decay, and fractured teeth. Corrections to these conditions are made at this time. A device called a wedge speculum is used to reach the incisors and canine teeth after the full mouth speculum is removed. The canine teeth are filed off to prevent long sharp points that are used as weapons between horses. One of the most important areas is the first cheek tooth where the bit space is located. These teeth are filed so there is a rounded appearance like the end of a thumb, called a “bit seat” creating a comfortable area for the bit to set, a very important aspect in riding and training horses. The next step is to evaluate the incisor teeth. Overgrown incisors or an imbalance of the incisors can cause problems with the normal side to side grinding and the ability of the horse to graze. When the dental is complete, jaw movement is checked for proper grinding action and sound. A routine dental will last the average horse one year.

Many malocclusions occur as permanent teeth are erupting or shortly after permanent teeth are in wear. Middle ged and older horses (more than 15 years old) are more likely to develop periodontal disease fractured teeth and decay. Yearly dental care will allow correction of problems early so that the teeth will be in wear as long as possible. Older horses with advanced dental disease will often have to be fed pelleted diets that have a small particle size because they are no longer able to chew hay properly.